A guide to vaccinations during pregnancy: references and additional resources

Reference list for 'A guide to vaccinations during pregnancy'

Below is the full reference list for our guide to vaccinations during pregnancy. You can find out more and download our posters here.

  1. NHS The flu jab in pregnancy (updated September 2022)
  2. Male & Jones 2025 Vaccination in pregnancy to protect the newborn. Nat Rev Immunol https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-025-01162-5  
  3. World Health Organization Vaccines and immunization
  4. Ochmann et al. 2018 Smallpox (updated February 2024)
  5. Amirthalingam et al. 2023 Optimization of Timing of Maternal Pertussis Immunization From 6 Years of Postimplementation Surveillance Data in England. Clin Infec Dis 76 e1129–39
  6. Demicheli et al. 2018 Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2 CD001269
  7. NHS Whooping cough vaccination in pregnancy (updated March 2023)
  8. Donegan et al. 2014 Safety of pertussis vaccination in pregnant women in UK: observational study. BMJ 349 g4219
  9. UK Health Security Agency, GOV.UK A guide to RSV vaccination for pregnant women (updated February 2025)
  10. Department of Health and Social Care, GOV.UK JCVI statement on COVID-19 vaccination in 2025 and spring 2026 (updated November 2024)
  11. University of Oxford, Vaccine Knowledge Project How vaccines are tested, licensed and monitored (updated August 2023)
  12. University of Oxford, Vaccine Knowledge Project Combination vaccines and multiple vaccinations (updated March 2018)
  13. NHS Specialist Pharmacy Service Using vaccines during breastfeeding (updated December 2023)
  14. Schlaudecker et al. 2013 IgA and Neutralizing Antibodies to Influenza A Virus in Human Milk: A randomized Trial of Antenatal Influenza Immunization. PLOS ONE 8: e70867
  15. University of Oxford, Vaccine Knowledge Project Vaccine ingredients (updated May 2022)
  16. NHS Antacids (updated March 2023)
  17. UK Health Security Agency, GOV.UK Flu vaccination programme 2024 to 2025: information for healthcare practitioners (updated October 2024)
  18. UK Health Security Agency 2022 Vaccines and porcine gelatine (updated July 2025)
  19. European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products (EMEA) 2004 EMEA public statement on thiomersal in vaccines for human use – recent evidence supports safety of thiomersal-containing vaccines
  20. Offit & Hackett 2003 Addressing parents’ concerns: do vaccines cause allergic or autoimmune diseases? Pediatr 111 653–9
  21. McKeever et al. 2004 Vaccination and allergic disease: a birth cohort study. Am J Public Health 94 985–9
  22. Rutter 2005 Incidence of autism spectrum disorders: changes over time and their meaning. Acta Paediatr 94 2–15
  23. Williams et al. 2025 Bivalent prefusion F vaccination in pregnancy and respiratory syncytial virus hospitalisation in infants in the UK: results of a multicentre, test-negative, case-control study. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health DOI: 10.1016/S2352-4642(25)00155-5 

Additional resources

NHS website: Vaccinations during pregnancy

NHS website: Why vaccination is safe and important

Vaccine Knowledge Project (University of Oxford) 

Bumps: Best use of medicines in pregnancy

MHRA Yellow Card: Making medicines and medical devices safer

If you have any questions about vaccinations during pregnancy, please talk to your GP, midwife or other healthcare professional.